Microlayer membranes, improved battery separators, and methods of manufacture and use

ABSTRACT

In accordance with at least selected embodiments, a battery separator or separator membrane comprises one or more co-extruded multi-microlayer membranes optionally laminated or adhered to another polymer membrane. The separators described herein may provide improved strength, for example, improved puncture strength, particularly at a certain thickness, and may exhibit improved shutdown and/or a reduced propensity to split.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a Divisional application of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/773,201, filed May 3, 2018, which claims priority to PCT Application No. PCT/US2016/061510, filed Nov. 11, 2016, which claims priority to U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 62/253,932 filed Nov. 11, 2015, hereby fully incorporated by reference herein.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The disclosure or invention relates to novel or improved membrane layers, membranes or separator membranes, battery separators including such membranes, and/or related methods. In accordance with at least selected embodiments, the disclosure or invention relates to novel or improved porous membranes or separator membranes, battery separators including such membranes, and/or related methods. In accordance with at least certain embodiments, the disclosure or invention relates to novel or improved microporous membranes or separator membranes, microlayer membranes, multi-layer membranes including one or more microlayer membranes, battery separators including such membranes, and/or related methods. In accordance with at least certain selected embodiments, the disclosure or invention relates to novel, optimized or improved microporous membranes or separator membranes having one or more novel or improved exterior layers and/or interior layers, microlayer membranes, multi-layered microporous membranes or separator membranes having exterior layers and interior layers, some of which layers are created by co-extrusion and all of which layers are laminated together to form the novel, optimized or improved membranes or separator membranes. In some embodiments, certain layers comprise a homopolymer, a copolymer, and/or a polymer blend. The invention also relates to methods for making such a membrane, separator membrane, or separator, and/or methods for using such a membrane, separator membrane or separator, for example as a lithium battery separator. In accordance with at least selected embodiments, the present application or invention is directed to novel or improved multi-layered and/or microlayer porous or microporous membranes, separator membranes, separators, composites, electrochemical devices, batteries, methods of making such membranes, separators, composites, devices and/or batteries. In accordance with at least certain selected embodiments, the present invention is directed to a novel or improved separator membranes that are multi-layered, in which one or more layers of the multi-layered structure is produced in a multi-layer or microlayer co-extrusion die with multiple extruders. The improved membranes, separator membranes, or separators may preferably demonstrate improved shutdown, improved strength, improved dielectric breakdown strength, and/or reduced tendency to split.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Methods for reducing splitting in microporous battery separator membranes, as well as particular split resistant or tear resistant microporous membranes, are discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,602,593. Such patent describes, among other things, a method that includes extruding a film precursor by a blown film method and using a blow-up ratio (BUR) of at least about 1.5 during blown film extrusion.

U.S. Pat. No. 8,795,565 describes, among other things, a biaxial stretching technique involving both MD and TD stretching of a dry process precursor membrane with a controlled MD relax process step. Biaxially stretched membranes, such as the membranes shown in FIGS. 1-3 of the U.S. Pat. No. 8,795,565 patent, may have some reduced splitting or tearing. When a biaxially stretched microporous membrane is strength tested using a puncture strength test method, the test sample puncture site may be a round hole as opposed to an elongated split.

U.S. Pat. No. 8,486,556 discloses, among other things, a multi-layered battery separator membrane with increased strength. A high molecular weight polypropylene resin having a certain melt flow index was used to produce multi-layered separators described in the U.S. Pat. No. 8,486,556 patent.

Also described are wet process microporous battery separator membranes which are also typically uniaxially or biaxially stretched and which may have balanced MD and TD strength properties. Examples of microporous membranes produced using a wet process may be disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 6,666,969; 5,051,183; 6,096,213; and 6,153,133.

Various known methods of making microporous multi-layered membranes, such as for use as battery separator membranes, include laminating or adhering more than one monolayer precursor together or coextruding more than one layer of membrane at the same time using a coextrusion die. The aforementioned methods may not fully optimize a balance of strength and/or performance properties for r use in applications such as certain primary and/or secondary batteries, such as lithium ion rechargeable batteries.

Hence, there is a need for a novel or improved co-extruded or laminated, multi-layered microporous membrane, base film, or battery separator having various improvements, such as improved tensile strength and improved dielectric breakdown strength.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with at least selected embodiments, the present application or invention may address the above needs or issues, may address the need for a novel or improved co-extruded or laminated, multi-layered porous, macroporous, mesoporous, microporous, or nanoporous membrane, base film, or battery separator having various improvements, such as improved tensile strength and improved dielectric breakdown strength, and/or may provide novel or improved co-extruded and/or laminated, multi-layered and/or multi-microlayered (or multi-nanolayered) microporous membranes, base films, or battery separators possibly preferably having various improvements, such as improved shutdown, mechanical strength, porosity, permeability, splittiness (reduced splitting), tensile strength, oxidation resistance, adhesion, wettability, and/or dielectric breakdown strength, and/or novel or improved membrane layers, membranes or separator membranes, battery separators including such membranes, and/or related methods. In accordance with at least selected embodiments, the disclosure or invention relates to novel or improved porous membranes or separator membranes, battery separators including such membranes, and/or related methods. In accordance with at least certain embodiments, the disclosure or invention relates to novel or improved microporous membranes or separator membranes, microlayer membranes, multi-layer membranes including one or more microlayer membranes, battery separators including such membranes, and/or related methods. In accordance with at least certain selected embodiments, the disclosure or invention relates to novel, optimized or improved microporous membranes or separator membranes having one or more novel or improved exterior layers and/or interior layers, microlayer membranes, multi-layered microporous membranes or separator membranes having exterior layers and interior layers, some of which layers are created by co-extrusion and all of which layers are laminated together to form the novel, optimized or improved membranes or separator membranes. In some embodiments, certain layers comprise a homopolymer, a copolymer, and/or a polymer blend. The invention also relates to methods for making such a membrane, separator membrane, or separator, and/or methods for using such a membrane, separator membrane or separator, for example as a lithium battery separator. In accordance with at least selected embodiments, the present application or invention is directed to novel or improved multi-layered and/or microlayer porous or microporous membranes, separator membranes, separators, composites, electrochemical devices, batteries, methods of making such membranes, separators, composites, devices and/or batteries. In accordance with at least certain selected embodiments, the present invention is directed to a novel or improved separator membranes that are multi-layered, in which one or more layers of the multi-layered structure is produced in a multi-layer or microlayer co-extrusion die with one or more extruders feeding the die (typically one extruder per layer or microlayer). The improved membranes, separator membranes, and/or separators may preferably demonstrate improved shutdown, improved strength, improved dielectric breakdown strength, and/or reduced tendency to split.

In accordance with at least certain embodiments, the present application or invention may address the above needs or issues and/or may provide novel or improved porous membranes or substrates, separator membranes, separators, composites, electrochemical devices, batteries, methods of making such membranes or substrates, separators, and/or batteries, and/or methods of using such membranes or substrates, separators and/or batteries. In accordance with at least certain embodiments the instant battery separator may comprise one or more co-extruded multi-layer membranes of like and/or distinct polymers or co-polymers laminated or adhered to another membrane. For instance, and not meant to be limiting, in certain embodiments, an inventive battery separator may comprise at least two co-extruded multi-layer membranes of like and/or distinct polymers or co-polymers that are laminated or adhered to each other or to another polymer membrane (monolayer or multi-layer membrane of like and/or distinct polymers or co-polymers). For example, a battery separator in one embodiment may comprise, but is not limited to, a polyethylene/polyethylene/polyethylene (PE/PE/PE) coextruded trilayer membrane laminated to a polypropylene (PP) monolayer and, in some embodiments, further laminated to another PE/PE/PE coextruded trilayer membrane to form the following constructions, [PE/PE/PE]/PP/[PE/PE/PE] or [PE/PE/PE]/PP or PP/[PE/PE/PE]/PP or [PE/PE/PE]/PP/PP or [PE/PE/PE]/[PE/PE/PE]/PP or other multi-layer constructions, where each of the individual co-extruded polymer layers are preferably micrometer or nanometer in thickness (microlayers or nanolayers). In other embodiments, a PE/PE/PE coextruded trilayer membrane may be laminated to a coextruded PP/PP/PP trilayer membrane, and in some embodiments, further laminated to another PE/PE/PE or PP/PP/PP coextruded trilayer membrane to form the following constructions, [PE/PE/PE]/[PP/PP/PP]/[PE/PE/PE] or [PP/PP/PP]/[PE/PE/PE]/[PP/PP/PP] or

[PE/PE/PE]/[PP/PP/PP] or [PE/PE/PE]/[PE/PE/PE]/[PP/PP/PP] or

[PE/PE/PE]/[PP/PP/PP]/[PP/PP/PP] or other multi-layer constructions, where each of the individual co-extruded polymer layers are preferably micrometer or nanometer in thickness (microlayers or nanolayers). In still other embodiments, a PP/PE/PP or PP/PP/PP or PE/PE/PE or PE/PP/PE or PP/PP/PE or PE/PE/PP coextruded trilayer membrane may be laminated to a coextruded PP/PP/PP or PE/PE/PE or PP/PE/PP or PE/PP/PE or PP/PP/PE or PE/PE/PP trilayer membrane, and in some embodiments, further laminated to another PP/PP/PP or PE/PE/PE or PP/PE/PP or PE/PP/PE or PP/PP/PE or PE/PE/PP coextruded trilayer membrane to form the following constructions, [PP/PE/PP]/[PP/PP/PP]/[PE/PE/PE] or

[PP/PE/PP]/[PE/PE/PE]/[PP/PP/PP] or [PP/PP/PP]/[PE/PE/PE]/[PP/PP/PP] or [PP/PE/PP]/[PP/PE/PP]/[PP/PE/PP] or [PE/PE/PE]/[PE/PE/PE]/[PE/PE/PE] or [PE/PE/PE]/[PE/PE/PE] or [PE/PE/PE]/[PP/PP/PP] or [PP/PP/PP]/[PP/PP/PP] or [PP/PP/PP]/[PP/PP/PP]/[PP/PP/PP] or [PE/PE/PE]/[PE/PE/PE]/[PP/PP/PP] or

[PP/PP/PP]/[PP/PP/PP]/[PE/PE/PE] or [PE/PE/PP]/[PP/PP/PP] or

[PP/PP/PP]/[PP/PP/PE] or [PE/PP/PP]/[PP/PP/PP]/[PP/PP/PE] or

[PE/PE/PP]/[PP/PE/PE] or [PP/PP/PP]/[PP/PP/PP]/[PP/PE/PE] or other combinations or multi-layer constructions, where each of the individual co-extruded polymer layers are preferably micrometer or nanometer in thickness (microlayers or nanolayers). In yet still other embodiments, a PP/PE/PP or PP/PP/PP or PE/PE/PE or PE/PP/PE or PE/PP/PP or PE/PE/PP or PP+PE/PP/PP or PP+PE/PP/PP+PE or PP+PE/PP+PE/PP+PE or PP+PE/PE/PE or PP+PE/PP/PE or PP+PE/PE/PP or other coextruded trilayer membranes of PP, PE or PP+PE may be laminated to a coextruded PP/PE/PP or PP/PP/PP or PE/PE/PE or PE/PP/PE or PE/PP/PP or PE/PE/PP or PP+PE/PP/PP or PP+PE/PP/PP+PE or PP+PE/PP+PE/PP+PE or PP+PE/PE/PE or PP+PE/PP/PE or PP+PE/PE/PP or other trilayer membranes of PP, PE, or PP+PE, and in some embodiments, further laminated to another PP/PE/PP or PP/PP/PP or PE/PE/PE or PE/PP/PE or PE/PP/PP or PE/PE/PP or PP+PE/PP/PP or PP+PE/PP/PP+PE or PP+PE/PP+PE/PP+PE or PP+PE/PE/PE or PP+PE/PP/PE or PP+PE/PE/PP or other coextruded trilayer membranes of PP, PE, or PP+PE to form the following constructions, [PP/PE/PP]/[PP/PP/PP] or [PP/PE/PP]/[PE/PE/PE] or [PP/PP/PP]/[PE/PE/PE] or [PP/PE/PP]/[PP/PE/PP] or [PE/PE/PE]/[PE/PE/PE] or [PE/PE/PE]/[PP/PP/PP] or [PP/PP/PP]/[PP/PP/PP] or [PP/PP/PP]/[PP/PP/PP]/[PP/PP/PP] or [PE/PE/PE]/[PE/PE/PE]/[PP/PP/PP] or [PP/PP/PP]/[PP/PP/PP]/[PE/PE/PE] or [PP/PE/PE]/[PE/PE/PE] or [PP/PP/PE]/[PE/PE/PE] or [PE/PP/PP]/[PP/PP/PE] or [PP+PE/PP/PP]/[PP/PP/PP+PE] or [PP/PE/PP]/[PP/PP/PP]/[PE/PE/PE] or [PP/PE/PP]/[PE/PE/PE]/[PP/PP/PP] or [PP/PP/PP]/[PE/PE/PE]/[PP/PP/PP] or [PP/PE/PP]/[PP/PE/PP]/[PP/PE/PP] or [PE/PE/PE]/[PE/PE/PE]/[PE/PE/PE] or [PE/PE/PE]/[PE/PE/PE] or [PP/PP/PP]/[PP/PP/PP]/[PP/PP/PP] or [PE/PE/PE]/[PE/PE/PE]/[PP/PP/PP] or [PP/PP/PP]/[PP/PP/PP]/[PE/PE/PE] or [PP/PE/PE]/[PE/PE/PE]/[PE/PE/PP] [PP/PP/PE]/[PE/PE/PE]/[PE/PP/PP] or [PE/PP/PP]/[PP/PP/PP]/[PP/PP/PE] or [PP+PE/PP/PP]/[PP/PP/PP]/[PP/PP/PP+PE] or [PP/PE/PP]/[PP/PE/PE] or [PE/PP/PE]/[PE/PP/PP] or [PE/PE/PP]/[PP/PE/PE] or [PP+PE/PP/PP]/[PP/PP/PP+PE] or [PP+PE/PP/PP+PE]/[PP+PE/PP+PE/PP+PE] or [PP+PE/PE/PE]/[PP+PE/PP/PE] or [PP+PE/PE/PE]/[PP+PE/PP/PE]/[PP+PE/PE/PP] or other combinations or subcombinations of PP, PE, or PP+PE layers (blends, mixtures, or co-polymers), microlayers, nanolayers, or combinations thereof, or other multi-layer constructions, where each of the individual co-extruded polymer layers are preferably micrometer or nanometer in thickness (microlayers or nanolayers).

Although certain multi-layer polymer membrane embodiments (bi-layer, tri-layer, quad-layer, penta-layer, . . . ) may be preferred (and that one or more layers, treatments, materials, or coatings (CT) and/or nets, meshes, mats, wovens, or non-wovens (NW) may be added on one or both sides, or within the multilayer membrane (M) which may include one or more co-extruded layers or sub-layers (CX), such as, but not limited to, CT/M, NW/M, CT/M/CX, CT1/M/CT2, CT/CX1/CX2/NW, CT1/CX1/CX2/CX3/CT2, CT/CX1 /CX2, NW/CX1 /CX2, NW1 /CX1 /CX2/CX3/N W2, CT/N W/CX1 /CX2, CX1/NW/CX2, CX1/CT/CX2, and or combinations or subcombinations of M, CX, CT, and/or NW), it is also contemplated that single layer or mono-layer or multi-layer membranes (M) or embodiments made up of one or more microlayers or nanolayers of PP, PE, or PE+PP (preferably more than one) (and that one or more coatings (CT) and/or non-wovens (NW) may be added on one or both sides of the membrane (M or CX), such as, but not limited to, CT/M, NW/M, CT/M/CX, CT/CX/NW, CT1/CX/CT2, NX1/CX/NW2, CT/CX/NW/CT, NW1/CX/NW2/CT, CT1/NW/CX/CT2, and or combinations or subcombinations of M, CX, CT, and/or NW) and may include constructions PP or PE or PE+PP or PP/PE or PP/PP or PE/PE or PP+PE/PP or PP+PE/PP+PE or PP+PE/PE or PP/PE/PP or PP/PP/PP or PE/PE/PE or PE/PP/PE or PE/PP/PP or PE/PE/PP or PP+PE/PP/PP or PP+PE/PP/PP+PE or PP+PE/PP+PE/PP+PE or PP+PE/PE/PE or PP+PE/PP/PE or PP+PE/PE/PP coextruded membranes which may be laminated to one or more other membranes (extruded or coextruded) PP or PE or PE+PP or PP/PE or PP/PP or PE/PE or PP+PE/PP or PP+PE/PP+PE or PP+PE/PE or PP/PE/PP or PP/PP/PP or PE/PE/PE or PE/PP/PE or PE/PP/PP or PE/PE/PP or PP+PE/PP/PP or PP+PE/PP/PP+PE or PP+PE/PP+PE/PP+PE or PP+PE/PE/PE or PP+PE/PP/PE or PP+PE/PE/PP membranes, and in some embodiments, further laminated to another PP or PE or PE+PP or PP/PE or PP/PP or PE/PE or PP+PE/PP or PP+PE/PP+PE or PP+PE/PE or PP/PE/PP or PP/PP/PP or PE/PE/PE or PE/PP/PE or PE/PP/PP or PE/PE/PP or PP+PE/PP/PP or PP+PE/PP/PP+PE or PP+PE/PP+PE/PP+PE or PP+PE/PE/PE or PP+PE/PP/PE or PP+PE/PE/PP membrane or membranes to form the following constructions, PP or PE or PE+PP or PP/PE or PP/PP or PE/PE or PP+PE/PP or PP+PE/PP+PE or PP+PE/PE or [PP/PE/PP]/[PP/PP/PP] or [PP/PE/PP]/[PE/PE/PE] or [PP/PP/PP]/[PE/PE/PE] or [PP/PE/PP]/[PP/PE/PP] or [PE/PE/PE]/[PE/PE/PE] or

[PE/PE/PE]/[PP/PP/PP] or [PP/PP/PP]/[PP/PP/PP] or

[PP/PP/PP]/[PP/PP/PP]/[PP/PP/PP] or [PE/PE/PE]/[PE/PE/PE]/[PP/PP/PP] or [PP/PP/PP]/[PP/PP/PP]/[PE/PE/PE] or [PP/PE/PE]/[PE/PE/PE] or [PP/PP/PE]/[PE/PE/PE] or [PE/PP/PP]/[PP/PP/PE] or [PP+PE/PP/PP]/[PP/PP/PP+PE] or [PP/PE/PP]/[PP/PP/PP]/[PE/PE/PE] or [PP/PE/PP]/[PE/PE/PE]/[PP/PP/PP] or

[PP/PP/PP]/[PE/PE/PE]/[PP/PP/PP] or [PP/PE/PP]/[PP/PE/PP]/[PP/PE/PP] or [PE/PE/PE]/[PE/PE/PE]/[PE/PE/PE] or [PE/PE/PE]/[PE/PE/PE] or [PP/PP/PP]/[PP/PP/PP]/[PP/PP/PP] or [PE/PE/PE]/[PE/PE/PE]/[PP/PP/PP] or [PP/PP/PP]/[PP/PP/PP]/[PE/PE/PE] or [PP/PE/PE]/[PE/PE/PE]/[PE/PE/PP] [PP/PP/PE]/[PE/PE/PE]/[PE/PP/PP] or [PE/PP/PP]/[PP/PP/PP]/[PP/PP/PE] or [PP+PE/PP/PP]/[PP/PP/PP]/[PP/PP/PP+PE] or [PP/PE/PP]/[PP/PE/PE] or [PE/PP/PE]/[PE/PP/PP] or [PE/PE/PP]/[PP/PE/PE] or [PP+PE/PP/PP]/[PP/PP/PP+PE] or [PP+PE/PP/PP+PE]/[PP+PE/PP+PE/PP+PE] or [PP+PE/PE/PE]/[PP+PE/PP/PE] or [PP+PE/PE/PE]/[PP+PE/PP/PE]/[PP+PE/PE/PP] or other such combinations or subcombinations of PP, PE, or PP+PE (blends, mixtures, or co-polymers) layers, microlayers, nanolayers, or combinations thereof, or other multi-layer constructions, where each of the individual co-extruded polymer layers are preferably micrometer or nanometer in thickness (microlayers or nanolayers).

Although it may be preferred that each of the layers or microlayers or nanolayers be polyolefin (PO) such as PP or PE or PE+PP blends, mixtures, co-polymers, or the like, it is contemplated that other polymers (PY), additives, agents, materials, fillers, and/or particles (M), and/or the like may be added or used and may form layers, microlayers, nanolayers, or membranes such as PP+PY, PE+PY, PP+M, PE+M, PP+PE+PY, PE+PP+M, PP+PY+M, PE+PY+M, PP+PE+PY+M, or blends, mixtures, co-polymers, and/or the like thereof, and that such layers or membranes may be used in combination with one or more PP or PE or PE+PP layers or membranes.

Also, identical, similar, distinct, or different PP or PE or PE+PP polymers, homopolymers, copolymers, molecular weights, blends, mixtures, co-polymers, or the like layers, microlayers, nanolayers, or membranes, may be used in many different combinations and subcombinations to form layers, sub-layers, membranes, or sub-membranes. For example, identical, similar, distinct, or different molecular weight PP, PE, and/or PP+PE polymers, homopolymers, co-polymers, multi-polymers, blends, mixtures, and/or the like may be used in each layer or membrane or in each individual layer, microlayer, nanolayer, or membrane. As such, constructions may include various combinations and subcombinations of PP, PE, PP+PE, PP1, PP2, PP3, PE1, PE2, PE3, PP1+PP2, PE1+PE2, PP1+PP2+PP3, PE1+PE2+PE3, PP1+PP2+PE, PP+PE1+PE2, PP1/PP2, PP1/PP2/PP1, PE1/PE2, PE1/PE2/PP1, PE1/PE2/PE3, PP1+PE/PP2, or other combinations or constructions. For example, inventive membrane or separator properties can be improved, modified or optimized by, for example, adjusting the outer layer or membrane surface by using a particular polymer, blend, molecular weight polymer, and/or the like in just the outer layer or membrane surface. As a non-limiting example, an outer PE or PP+PE surface or layer may have improved pin removal (lower COF), a higher molecular weight (MW) polymer surface or layer (PP or PE) may have improved puncture strength, a PP or PP+PE surface or layer may have improved oxidation resistance, expensive raw materials (expensive polymers) can be used in limited layers to reduce cost, and/or the like. Further, although it may be preferred that each of the layers or microlayers or nanolayers be polyolefin (PO) such as PP or PE or PE+PP blends, mixtures, co-polymers, or the like, it is contemplated that other polymers (PY), additives, agents, materials, fillers, and/or particles (M), and/or the like may be added or used and may form layers, microlayers, nanolayers, or membranes such as different outer or surface layers that may be used in combination with one or more PP or PE or PE+PP layers or membranes, and that coatings (CT) or nonwovens (NW) may be added.

The production of monolayer or multi-layer porous, microporous or nanoporous membranes according to various inventive embodiments herein, may allow for improved characteristics such as improved shutdown, mechanical strength, porosity, permeability, oxidation resistance, pin removal, wettability, and/or splittiness (reduced splitting), and the like.

In one embodiment of the invention, a multi-layer membrane may be extruded in the form of a PE homopolymer/PE homopolymer, or PP homopolymer/PP homopolymer, or one or more layers of such a multi-layer membrane may include a blend of two polymers, such as a blend of PEs/homopolymer PE, and so forth.

The microlayer membrane precursors may be bonded together via lamination or adhesion. The possibly preferred battery separators described herein may exhibit a total thickness of less than about 30 μm, less than about 25 μm, less than about 20 μm, less than about 16 μm, less than about 15 μm, less than about 14 pm, or less than about 10 μm, less than about 9 μm, less than about 8 μm, or less than about 6 μm (depending on the number of layers) and may surprisingly exhibit increased strength performance, as defined by reduced splittiness or reduced propensity to split, when compared to known battery separators of the same (or greater) thickness, especially when compared to known dry process battery separators of the same (or greater) thickness. The improvement in splitting or splittiness may be quantified by a test method disclosed herein as Composite Splittiness Index (CSI) and the novel or improved separators described herein may have an improvement in the CSI, and also may exhibit improved Gurley as well as other improvements, such as improved puncture strength and so forth.

In at least one embodiment the inventive membrane may be constructed of many microlayers or nanolayers wherein the final product may contain 50 or more layers of individual microlayers or nanolayers. In at least certain embodiments the microlayer or nanolayer technology may be created by in a pre-encapsulation feedblock prior to entering a cast film or blown film die.

In at least selected embodiments the microlayer or nanolayer membrane may contain 3 or more layers of individual coextruded microlayers or nanolayers and may have improved strength, improved cycling, greater tortuosity, and favorable compression resistance and/or recovery.

In at least selected embodiments the microlayer or nanolayer membrane may contain 3 or more layers of individual coextruded microlayers or nanolayers and may have improved strength, improved cycling, greater tortuosity, and/or favorable compression resistance and/or recovery.

In at least selected embodiments the microlayer or nanolayer membrane may contain 9 or more layers of individual coextruded microlayers or nanolayers and may have improved strength, improved cycling, greater tortuosity, and/or favorable compression resistance and/or recovery.

In at least selected embodiments the microlayer or nanolayer membrane may contain 5 or more layers of individual coextruded microlayers or nanolayers and may have improved strength, improved cycling, greater tortuosity, and/or favorable compression resistance and/or recovery.

In at least certain selected embodiments the microlayer membrane may contain 3 or more layers of individual coextruded microlayers and may have improved strength, improved cycling, greater tortuosity, and/or favorable compression resistance and/or recovery.

In at least certain selected particular embodiments the multi-layer membrane may contain 2 or more layers of individual coextruded microlayers that are laminated together and may have improved strength, improved cycling, greater tortuosity, and/or favorable compression resistance and/or recovery.

In at least certain selected particular embodiments the multi-layer membrane may contain 3 or more layers of individual coextruded microlayers that are laminated together and may have improved strength, improved cycling, greater tortuosity, and/or favorable compression resistance and/or recovery.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES

FIG. 1 is a partial cross-section Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM) of an exemplary inventive laminated 3 layer or triple trilayer microporous membrane trilayer/trilayer/trilayer (with 9 coextruded microlayers per each trilayer layer, and with 3 microlayers per each PP or PE sub-layer of each trilayer layer) at a magnification of 2,500× (at least the outer PP layers of each layer are microporous).

FIG. 2 is a partial cross-section Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM) of a portion of the polypropylene surface sub-layer (3 microlayers of PP) of the surface trilayer component or sub-membrane of the composite laminated membrane of FIG. 1 at a magnification of 15,000× (the PP.

FIG. 3 is a partial cross-section Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM) of the polyethylene sub-layer (3 microlayers of PE) of one of the 9 microlayer trilayer layers of the 3 layer membrane of FIG. 1 at a magnification of 15,000×.

FIG. 4 is a graph demonstrating the improved cycling behavior of exemplary inventive constructions as compared to EH1211.

FIG. 5 is a graph demonstrating compression elasticity results of certain constructions as compared to EH1211.

FIG. 6 is a graph demonstrating Mix P penetration test results of certain constructions as compared to EH1211.

FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of how microlayers may be created in the feedblock by layer multiplication.

FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of how microlayers may be created by layer splitting.

FIG. 9 is a cross-section Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM) of an exemplary inventive 3 layer or trilayer (9 microlayers total, with 3 triple microlayer sub-layers laminated together) PP/PE/PP microporous membrane at a magnification of 5,000× (at least the outer PP sub-layers are microporous).

FIG. 10 is a surface Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM) of a surface of the polypropylene surface sub-layer (surface PP microlayer) of the 9 microlayer, 3 layer membrane of FIG. 9 at a magnification of 3,000×. This 9 microlayer membrane could be used as one layer of a 3 layer membrane such as shown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 11 is a surface Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM) of a portion of the surface of the polypropylene surface sub-layer (surface PP microlayer) of the 9 microlayer layer, 3 layer membrane of FIG. 9 at a magnification of 10,000×.

FIG. 12 is a surface Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM) of a portion of the surface of the polypropylene surface sub-layer (surface PP microlayer) of the 9 microlayer, 3 layer membrane of FIG. 9 at a magnification of 30,000×.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with at least selected embodiments, aspects or objects, the present application or invention may address the above needs or issues, and/or may provide novel or improved membrane layers, porous membranes or substrates, separator membranes, separators, composites, electrochemical devices, batteries, methods of making such membranes or substrates, separators, and/or batteries, and/or methods of using such membranes or substrates, separators and/or batteries. In accordance with at least certain embodiments the instant battery separator comprises a one or more co-extruded micro-layer or microlayer membranes laminated or adhered to another polymer membrane. For example, in some instances, the battery separator may comprise, but is not limited to, a polyethylene/polyethylene/polyethylene (PE/PE/PE) coextruded micro-trilayer membrane laminated to a polypropylene (PP) monolayer micro or nanolayer membrane, and, in some embodiments, further laminated to another PE/PE/PE coextruded micro-trilayer membrane, to form the following construction: [PE/PE/PE]/PP/[PE/PE/PE]. In selected embodiments, the membrane, membrane precursor, sub-membrane, layer, or sub-layer may be comprised of one or more microlayers. A microlayer is defined herein as a layer or individual layer, for example, of polymer or co-polymer blend, that is preferably less than about 5 pm thick, more preferably less than about 4 μm, still more preferably less than about 3 μm, and possibly most preferably less than about 2 μm. In selected embodiments, the membrane, membrane precursor, sub-membrane, layer, or sub-layer may be comprised of one or more nanolayers. A nanolayer is defined herein as a layer or individual layer, for example, of polymer or co-polymer blend, that is less than about 1 μm thick, more preferably less than about 0.5 μm, still more preferably less than about 0.3 μm, and possibly most preferably less than about 0.2 μm.

A novel microporous battery separator has been developed for use in a lithium ion rechargeable battery. The possibly preferred inventive separator membrane, separator, base film, or membrane may, in some embodiments, comprise a polyethylene/polyethylene/polyethylene (PE/PE/PE) coextruded microlayer (PE micro-trilayer) membrane laminated to another membrane, such as a polypropylene (PP) monolayer membrane, and in some instances, further laminated to another PE/PE/PE coextruded microayer membrane to form the following construction: [PE/PE/PE]/PP/[PE/PE/PE]. Possibly preferred separator, membrane or base film thickness may range from 5 um to 30 um. FIG. 1 demonstrates the 9 microlayer coextruded construction of each of the 3 layers of the membrane (the 3 layers are laminated together to form the membrane). In each of the polymer sub-layers of the 9 microlayer layers, there are three microlayers that create the PP or PE sub-layer. FIGS. 2 and 3 show magnified views of the three microlayers highlighting the continuity between each of the microlayers of each layer. FIG. 3 shows the continuity between the polypropylene and polyethylene microlayers. The microlayers of at least each 9 microlayer coextruded layer in FIGS. 1-3 have undefined adjacent microlayer interfaces, this seamless interfacing between microlayers may contribute to improved cycling, increased surface area, and higher tortuosity.

EXAMPLES

In the Examples, various membranes were made having the construction of [PE/PE/PE]/PP/[PE/PE/PE]. Their characteristics are shown in Table 1, just below:

The various membranes Ex 1, Ex 2, and Ex 3 made as inventive Examples demonstrate (as shown in Table 1 below) improved puncture strength and an improvement in dielectric breakdown (DB) over the control CE 1.

TABLE 1 Example Number CE 1 Ex 1 Ex 2 Ex 3 Thickness (microns) 14 14 14.4 14.5 JIS Gurley (seconds) 220 291 306 309 Puncture Strength 265 323 294 291 Average (g) MD Tensile Stress 2500 2867 2668 2802 (kgf/cm²) TD Tensile Stress 125 118 132 128 (kgf/cm²) TD elongation 980 978 751 854 average (%) Shrinkage at 1.7 2.5 4.4 4.2 105° C. (%) Calculated Porosity   40%   42%   40%   37% Outside Layer/ 0.054/ 0.045/ 0.041/ 0.042/ Middle layer 0.028 0.028 0.027 .027 Pore size MixP (Relative to −46% −52% −47% −48% control) Dielectric Breakdown 1510 1720 1835 1649 Average (volts)

In accordance with at least certain embodiments, the present invention is directed to a multi-layered battery separator or separator membrane whose exterior surface comprises multiple layers that in some instances have been co-extruded, for example, a co-extruded multi-layer membrane of polyethylene (PE) homopolymer, which is adhered or laminated to a polypropylene monolayer and an additional multi-layered coextruded multi-layer membrane comprising polyethylene homopolymer.

In accordance with at least certain embodiments, the present invention is directed to a multi-layered battery separator or separator membrane whose exterior surface

Also, performance can be further improved, optimized, selected, controlled, or the like.

In accordance with at least certain embodiments, the present invention is directed to a multi-layered battery separator or separator membrane whose exterior surface comprises multiple layers that in some instances have been co-extruded, for example, a co-extruded multi-layer membrane of polyethylene (PE) homopolymer, which is adhered or laminated to a polypropylene monolayer and an additional multi-layered coextruded multi-layer membrane comprising polyethylene homopolymer.

In accordance with at least certain embodiments, the present invention is directed to a multi-layered battery separator or separator membrane whose exterior surface comprises multiple layers and one or more of which layers includes a polyethylene (PE) blend and/or a PE copolymer, which is adhered or laminated to a polypropylene monolayer and an additional multi-layered coextruded multi-layer membrane, one or more of which layers includes a polyethylene blend and/or a PE copolymer.

In accordance with at least certain embodiments, the present invention is directed to a multi-layered battery separator or separator membrane whose exterior surface comprises multiple layers and one or more layers of which includes a polyethylene (PE) homopolymer while one or more layers of which includes a polyethylene blend and/or a PE copolymer, which is adhered or laminated to a polypropylene monolayer and an additional multi-layered coextruded membrane, one or more layers of which includes a polyethylene (PE) homopolymer while one or more layers of which includes a polyethylene blend and/or a copolymer blend. Other possibilities for such constructions are also included in this invention in which at least one co-extruded multi-layer membrane is laminated to at least one other membrane to form a multi-layer construction that combines aspects of co-extruded membranes with aspects of laminated membranes.

Multi-layered polyolefin membranes are designed to provide an exterior surface that has a low pin removal force, faster wetting, good coating adhesion, tunable shutdown and the like. Each layer of polymer is laminated or co-extruded with the resulting membrane having significant improvements in many characteristics. The invention herein described utilizes both the co-extrusion and lamination of one or more multi-layer membranes to improve surface characteristics. In accordance with at least certain embodiments the present invention may provide an exterior surface that has improved shutdown function, improved longitudinal strength, and an increase in dielectric breakdown.

The polymers or co-polymers that may be used in the instant battery separator are those that are extrudable. Such polymers are typically referred to as thermoplastic polymers. Exemplary thermoplastic polymers, blends, mixtures or copolymers may include, but are not limited to: polyolefins, polyacetals (or polyoxymethylenes), polyamides, polyesters, polysulfides, polyvinyl alcohols, polyvinyl esters, and polyvinylidenes (and may include PVDF, PVDF:HFP, PTFE, PEO, PVA, PAN, or the like). Polyolefins include, but are not limited to: polyethylene (including, for example, LDPE, LLDPE, HDPE, UHDPE, UHMWPE, and so forth), polypropylene, polybutylene, polymethylpentene, copolymers thereof, and blends thereof. Polyamides (nylons) include, but are not limited to: polyamide 6, polyamide 66, Nylon 10, 10, polyphthalamide (PPA), co-polymers thereof, and blends thereof. Polyesters include, but are not limited to: polyester terephthalate, polybutyl terephthalate, copolymers thereof, and blends thereof. Polysulfides include, but are not limited to, polyphenyl sulfide, copolymers thereof, and blends thereof. Polyvinyl alcohols include, but are not limited to: ethylene-vinyl alcohol, copolymers thereof, and blends thereof. Polyvinyl esters include, but are not limited to, polyvinyl acetate, ethylene vinyl acetate, copolymers thereof, and blends thereof. Polyvinylidenes include, but are not limited to: fluorinated polyvinylidenes (g., polyvinylidene chloride, polyvinylidene fluoride), copolymers thereof, and blends thereof. Various materials may be added to the polymers. These materials are added to modify or enhance the performance or properties of an individual layer or the overallseparator. Such materials include, but are not limited to: Materials to lower the melting temperature of the polymer may be added. Typically, the multi-layered separator includes a layer designed to close its pores at a predetermined temperature to block the flow of ions between the electrodes of the battery. This function is commonly referred to as shutdown.

FIG. 4 shows the cycling performance of the microlayer membranes as compared to EH1211. In each sample, the microlayer construction showed maintained or improved cycling performance.

In at least selected embodiments, the microlayers or nanolayers may include various additives in one or more layers for example, to reduce pin removal force while not affecting the adhesion between PP and PE in, for example, micro-trilayer applications. In certain instances the additives may be applied to the outside microlayers. The outer microlayers may comprise or consist of PP with Siloxane additives/homopolymer PP/homopolymer PP. The additives can include all that could affect the surface characteristics of the film, some examples include: PE, Calcium Stearate, Lithium Stearate, and/or Siloxane.

In accordance with at least selected embodiments, aspects or objects, the present application or invention may be directed to: a battery separator or separator membrane that comprises one or more co-extruded multi-layer membranes laminated or adhered to another polymer membrane and/or to another co-extruded multi-layer membrane, and/or such separators that may provide improved strength, for example, improved puncture strength, particularly at a certain thickness, and/or may exhibit improved shutdown and/or a reduced propensity to split.

In accordance with at least certain embodiments, aspects or objects, the present application or invention may be directed to: a battery separator or separator membrane that comprises one or more co-extruded multi-layer microlayer and/or nanolayer membranes, and/or such separators that may provide improved strength, for example, improved puncture strength, particularly at a certain thickness, and/or may exhibit improved shutdown and/or a reduced propensity to split.

In accordance with at least certain embodiments, aspects or objects, the present application or invention may be directed to: a battery separator or separator membrane that comprises one or more co-extruded multi-layer microlayer and/or nanolayer membranes co-extruded, laminated or adhered to another polymer membrane and/or to another co-extruded multi-layer membrane, and/or such separators that may provide improved strength, for example, improved puncture strength, particularly at a certain thickness, and/or may exhibit improved shutdown and/or a reduced propensity to split.

Table 2 shows a comparison of the 9 microlayer, 12 μm, membrane with a more conventional structure 12 μm trialyer membrane (EH1211). When compared to the conventional trilayer, the inventive microlayer 12 μm membrane exhibited increased mechanical strength and a significant reduction in shrinkage. FIG. 6 shows Mix P or mix penetration test results for the 9 microlayer 12 μm microporous membrane. The inventive microlayer membrane exhibited the greatest resistance to penetration at 650N force.

TABLE 2 Product EH1211 9- microlayer construction Thickness (um) 12 12 JIS Gurley 225 234 Puncture Strength 277 318 Average MD Tensile 2231 2393 Stress (kgf/cm²⁾ TD Tensile 138 139 Stress (kgf/cm²⁾ MD elongation (%) 48 51 TD elongation (%) 704 756 QC Porosity 42% — MD Shrinkage @ 3.7 1.0 105° C. (%) Table 3 shows comparison of the 9 microlayer 12 μm membrane (R0384) to a more conventional 12 μm dry process membrane (EH1211). The microlayer construction provides greater compression recovery than the comparable wet process membrane. In certain applications, less crush and/or better compression recovery may be desired.

TABLE 3 Sample EH1211 R0384 Thickness (μm) 12 12 Mix-P (N) 588 653 Compression Recovery (%) 3.81 4.47 Max Compression (%) 13.82 15.20 Final Compression (%) 10.01 10.73

FIG. 5 and Table 3 shows the compression profile for various porous membranes. When compared to other 12 μm membranes the microlayer construction shows a balanced compression recovery profile, while it can be compressed it does offer some recovery which may be critical in certain particular battery applications. In at selected embodiments, the instant microlayer or nanolayer technology may be comprised of greater than 50 layers. These layers may be created in a pre-encapsulation feedblock first before entering either a cast-film die or a blown film die. The microlayers may be created in the feedblock by layer multiplication (one example in FIG. 7) or layer splitting (one example in FIG. 8). When used in making porous membrane precursors, these techniques may further improve strength and flex-crack resistance. These precursors would be laminated, annealed, and stretched, and the resulting membrane may exhibit improved strength and toughness. Furthermore, by leveraging these techniques it may alleviate the need to use polymers with molecular weights greater than 1M whose processing can be very difficult, especially in dry process membranes.

In other selected particular embodiments, microlayers may be used to create a modified trilayer membrane. In this embodiment, the microlayers would comprise or consist of alternating polymers, and the resulting membrane would be: PP/PE/PP/PE/PP/PE/PP/PE/PP. The precursor membranes may be extruded with microlayers of PP/PE/PP and PE/PP/PE, these microlayer precursors may subsequently be laminated together and then stretched to achieve the desired porosity. The polypropylene may be any homopolymer PP, copolymer PP and/or polymer blends. The polyethylene utilized may be High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) or any polyethylene with comonomers, copolymers and/or polymer blends.

TABLE 4 Additional inventive examples: PP Pore PE Pore Surface Product Stretch Ply Size Size Porosity Area Number Lot # No. (μm) (μm) (%) (m²/g) R0367 C3306986 na 0.0354 na 39.59 88.29 C3306987 na 0.0369 na 38.70 81.41 R0374 C3338198 2 0.0299 0.0646 37.66 86.76 C3338198 5 0.0306 0.0675 37.80 85.75 C3338199 2 0.0295 0.0643 36.83 84.73 C3338199 5 0.0302 0.0666 37.11 84.45 C3338200 2 0.0309 0.0692 38.19 85.31 C3338200 5 0.0303 0.0676 38.34 87.23 R0384 C3435497 2 0.0402 0.0533 39.98 76.84 C3435497 5 0.0415 0.0552 40.18 74.33 C3435498 2 0.0390 0.0514 38.80 74.65 C3435498 5 0.0399 0.0521 39.03 73.78 C3435499 2 0.0378 0.0507 38.93 76.37 C3435499 5 0.0376 0.0515 39.11 77.33

Also, certain inventive microlayer or nanolayer constructions may yield greater surface area.

The FIG. 1-3 cross-sectional SEMs may show columns, pillars, columnar, columnal, columned, or columnated substantially vertical crystalline polymer structures. These columns or pillars of crystalline polymer may enhance strength, improve DB, and/or the like.

In accordance with at least selected embodiments, aspects or objects, the present application or invention may address the above needs or issues and/or may provide novel or improved membrane layers, membranes or separator membranes, battery separators including such membranes, and/or related methods. In accordance with at least selected embodiments, the disclosure or invention relates to novel or improved porous membranes or separator membranes, battery separators including such membranes, and/or related methods. In accordance with at least certain embodiments, the disclosure or invention relates to novel or improved microporous membranes or separator membranes, microlayer membranes, multi-layer membranes including one or more microlayer membranes, battery separators including such membranes, and/or related methods. In accordance with at least certain selected embodiments, the disclosure or invention relates to novel, optimized or improved microporous membranes or separator membranes having one or more novel or improved exterior layers and/or interior layers, microlayer membranes, multi-layered microporous membranes or separator membranes having exterior layers and interior layers, some of which layers are created by co-extrusion and all of which layers are laminated together to form the novel, optimized or improved membranes or separator membranes. In some embodiments, certain layers comprise a homopolymer, a copolymer, and/or a polymer blend. The invention also relates to methods for making such a membrane, separator membrane, or separator, and/or methods for using such a membrane, separator membrane or separator, for example as a lithium battery separator. In accordance with at least selected embodiments, the present application or invention is directed to novel or improved multi-layered and/or microlayer porous or microporous membranes, separator membranes, separators, composites, electrochemical devices, batteries, methods of making such membranes, separators, composites, devices and/or batteries. In accordance with at least certain selected embodiments, the present invention is directed to a novel or improved separator membranes that are multi-layered, in which one or more layers of the multi-layered structure is produced in a multi-layer or microlayer co-extrusion die with one or more extruders feeding the die (typically one extruder per layer or microlayer). The improved membranes, separator membranes, and/or separators may preferably demonstrate improved shutdown, improved strength, improved dielectric breakdown strength, and/or reduced tendency to split.

The present disclosure or invention may relate to novel or improved membranes or separator membranes, battery separators including such membranes, and/or related methods. In accordance with at least selected embodiments, the disclosure or invention relates to novel or improved porous membranes or separator membranes, battery separators including such membranes, and/or related methods. In accordance with at least certain embodiments, the disclosure or invention relates to novel or improved microporous membranes or separator membranes, microlayer membranes, multi-layer membranes including one or more microlayer membranes, battery separators including such membranes, and/or related methods. In accordance with at least certain selected embodiments, the disclosure or invention relates to novel, optimized or improved microporous membranes or separator membranes having one or more novel or improved exterior layers and/or interior layers, microlayer membranes, multi-layered microporous membranes or separator membranes having exterior layers and interior layers, some of which layers are created by co-extrusion and all of which layers are laminated together to form the novel, optimized or improved membranes or separator membranes. In some embodiments, certain layers comprise a homopolymer, a copolymer, and/or a polymer blend. The invention also relates to methods for making such a membrane, separator membrane, or separator, and/or methods for using such a membrane, separator membrane or separator, for example as a lithium battery separator. In accordance with at least selected embodiments, the present application or invention is directed to novel or improved multi-layered and/or microlayer porous or microporous membranes, separator membranes, separators, composites, electrochemical devices, batteries, methods of making such membranes, separators, composites, devices and/or batteries. In accordance with at least certain selected embodiments, the present invention is directed to a novel or improved separator membranes that are multi-layered, in which one or more layers of the multi-layered structure is produced in a multi-layer or microlayer co-extrusion die with multiple extruders. The improved membranes, separator membranes, or separators may preferably demonstrate improved shutdown, improved strength, improved dielectric breakdown strength, and/or reduced tendency to split.

In accordance with at least selected embodiments, a battery separator or separator membrane comprises one or more co-extruded multi-microlayer membranes optionally laminated or adhered to another polymer membrane. The separators described herein may provide improved strength, for example, improved puncture strength, particularly at a certain thickness, and may exhibit improved shutdown and/or a reduced propensity to split.

TEST METHODS Gurley

-   Gurley is defined herein as the Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS     Gurley) and is measured herein using the OHKEN permeability tester.     JIS Gurley is defined as the time in seconds required for 100 cc of     air to pass through one square inch of film at a constant pressure     of 4.9 inches of water.

Thickness

-   Thickness is measured in micrometers, μm, using the Emveco Microgage     210-A micrometer thickness tester and test procedure ASTM D374.

Tensile Strength

-   Machine Direction (MD) and Transverse Direction (TD) tensile     strength are measured using Instron Model 4201 according to ASTM-882     procedure.

Tensile Strength

-   % MD elongation at break is the percentage of extension of a test     sample along the machine direction of the test sample measured at     the maximum tensile strength needed to break a sample. -   % TD elongation at break is the percentage of extension of a test     sample along the transverse direction of the test sample measured at     the maximum tensile strength needed to break a sample.

Puncture Strength

-   Puncture Strength is measured using Instron Model 4442 based on ASTM     D3763. The measurements are made across the width of the microporous     membrane and the puncture strength defined as the force required to     puncture the test sample.

Thermal Shrinkage

-   Shrinkage is measured by placing a test sample between two sheets of     paper which is then clipped together to hold the sample between the     papers and suspended in an oven. For the ‘105° C. for 1 hour’     testing, a sample is placed in an oven at 105° C. for 1 hour. After     the designated heating time in the oven, each sample was removed and     taped to a flat counter surface using double side sticky tape to     flatten and smooth out the sample for accurate length and width     measurement. Shrinkage is measured in the both the Machine     direction (MD) and Transverse direction (TD) direction and is     expressed as a % MD shrinkage and % TD shrinkage.

Pore Size

-   Pore size is measured using the Aquapore available through Porous     Materials, Inc. (PMI). Pore size is expressed in μm.

Porosity

-   The porosity of a microporous film sample is measured using ASTM     method D-2873 and is defined as the percentage void spaces in a     microporous membrane measured in both Machine Direction (MD) and     Transverse Direction (TD). Dielectric Breakdown (DB) -   Voltage is applied to a separator membrane until the dielectric     breakdown of the sample is observed. Strong separators show high DB.     Any non-uniformity in the separator membrane leads to lower DB     values.

Compression Elasticity

-   Compression elasticity modulus was evaluated using the TMA Q400 and     a hemi-sphere probe. A 5 mm×5 mm sample is compressed at a constant     rate up to 1 N (568 N/cm2), then the pressure is released at a     constant rate back down to 0 N at ambient temperature. Percentage of     dimension change during compression and recovery are estimated based     on the initial thickness of the sample

Mixed Penetration

-   Mixed Penetration is the force required to create a short through a     separator when placed between cathode and anode materials. This test     is used to indicate the tendency of a separator to allow short     circuits during the battery assembly. Details of this method are     described in US 2010/209758.

Cycling

All cycling was done in constant current (CC) mode. Cathode used is 523 NMC. Anode used is superior graphite. Electrolyte used 1 M LiPF6 salt in 3:7 v:v EC:EMC solvent. Voltage window is 3.0-4.3 V. Cycles 1-5 have charge rate and discharge rate of C/10. Cycles 6-10 have a charge rate and discharge rate of C/5. Cycles 11-15 have a charge rate of C/5 and a discharge rate of C/2. Cycles 16-20 have a charge rate of C/5 and a discharge rate of 1C (charge/discharge rate capacity; 1C is a rate of full charge or discharge in 60 minutes). Cycles 21-25 have a charge rate of C/5 and a discharge rate of 5C. Cycles 26-30 have a charge rate of C/5 and a discharge rate of 10C. Cycles 31-35 have a charge rate and discharge rate of C/10. 

1-18. (canceled)
 19. A battery separator for a lithium battery comprising: at least one dry-process microporous polymer membrane comprising a plurality of co-extruded porous polymer microlayers with a thickness of less than 2 microns; and one other dry-process microporous polymer membrane, wherein the at least one dry-process microporous polymer membrane comprising a plurality of co-extruded porous polymer microlayers with a thickness of less than 2 microns and the one other dry process microporous polymer membrane are laminated to one another.
 20. The battery separator of claim 19 wherein the one other dry-process microporous polymer membrane comprises_at least one selected from a monolayer dry-process microporous polymer membrane and another dry-process microporous polymer membrane comprising a plurality of porous polymer microlayers having a thickness of less than 2 microns.
 21. The battery separator of claim 19 wherein said at least one microporous polymer dry-process membrane comprising a plurality of co-extruded porous polymer microlayers with a thickness of less than 2 microns has at least three microlayers with a thickness of less than 2 microns.
 22. The battery separator of claim 19 wherein at least one of said microporous dry-process polymer membranes of co-extruded polymer microlayers of less than 2 microns is made of one or more polyolefins.
 23. The battery separator of claim 19 wherein at least one of said microporous dry-process polymer membranes of co-extruded polymer microlayers is made up of coextruded dry-process polyolefin microlayers with a thickness of less than 2 microns.
 24. The battery separator of claim 20, wherein at least three microporous dry-process polymer membranes of co-extruded polymer microlayers with a thickness of less than 2 microns are laminated together to form the battery separator.
 25. The battery separator of claim 24, wherein the at least three said microporous dry-process polymer membranes of co-extruded polymer microlayers with a thickness less than 2 microns each comprise at least three polymer microlayers.
 26. A lithium battery comprising the battery separator of claim
 19. 27. A battery separator comprising one or more dry-process microporous polymer co-extruded multi-microlayer-membranes with the microlayers having a thickness of less than 2 microns, wherein the one or more dry-process microporous polymer co-extruded multi-microlayer membranes with microlayers having a thickness of less than 2 microns are laminated to one other dry-process microporous polymer membrane, which may be a dry-process microporous polymer co-extruded multi-microlayer-membranes with microlayers having a thickness of less than 2 microns, and wherein the battery separator provides at least one of the following: improved strength in comparison to a conventional trilayer membrane, improved shutdown in comparison to a conventional trilayer membrane, and a reduced propensity to split in comparison to a conventional trilayer membrane.
 28. A separator membrane comprises one or more dry-process co-extruded multi-microlayer polymer membranes laminated to at least one other dry-process microporous polymer membrane, which may be another dry-process co-extruded multi-microlayer polymer membrane, wherein the separator membrane exhibits at least one of the following: improved strength in comparison to a conventional trilayer membrane, improved puncture strength in comparison to a conventional trilayer membrane, improved shutdown in comparison to a conventional trilayer membrane, and a reduced propensity to split in comparison to a conventional trilayer membrane.
 29. A lithium battery comprising the battery separator of claim
 26. 30. A lithium battery comprising the separator membrane of claim
 27. 31. A secondary lithium battery comprising the battery separator of claim
 19. 